PCOS-Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a collection of symptoms caused by high levels of androgens (male hormones) in women. PCOS is actually a hormonal disorder. Normally healthy women's ovaries release one egg every month. It develops during pregnancy or is eliminated to form a normal menstrual cycle. But when the androgen hormone in women's body increases more than normal, small cysts are formed around the ovaries due to excess androgen hormone. As a result, the ovum that is supposed to grow from the ovary and release the egg, gets blocked and thus eventually stops the release of the egg. Women with PCOS have ovaries that do not develop properly or are prevented from ovulating during a regular ovulation cycle. As a result, the regular menstrual cycle is disrupted.
Most women with PCOS have high levels of androgens, or male hormones. Most of the external and internal problems of this disease are related to problems with increased androgens PCOS appears to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
The word poly means many so polycystic means many cysts. The main feature of PCOS is the absence of eggs from the uterus. What happens instead is that fluid accumulates around the eggs, turning them into cysts. Although it is called polycystic disorder because of this feature, not all women may have multiple cysts in their ovaries. Since there are multiple causes of PCOS, there is no single treatment.
PCOS is the most common endocrine gland disorder in women ages 18 to 44. About 2% to 20% of women in this age group are affected by this disease. One of the main causes of this disease is decreased physical fertility in women due to hormonal imbalance.
The earliest description of what is now known as PCOS dates back to 1721 in Italy.
PCOS prevention and treatment
Since PCOS is complicated by multiple factors, there is no single treatment that can cure it However, resolving the complications based on the information obtained in the audit will yield good results. The whole thing depends on the severity of the disease, the physical capacity of the patient and the desire to conceive. Lifestyle changes, such as weight loss and exercise, are the treatment. PCOS can be eliminated by focusing on diet control, exercise and weight control. Eating green vegetables, lowering blood pressure, diabetes, high blood pressure, lowering cholesterol levels in fat increases the chances of getting rid of PCOS.
If the patient can lose five percent of their weight, their periods will start to become regular. And if the weight can be reduced by 10 percent, the function of the ovaries will be normal and the problem of infertility will be completely eliminated. PCOS patients, however, find it very difficult to lose weight. Drink plenty of water, eat more fruits and vegetables.
Medications like metformin and anti-androgens can normalize menstruation, get rid of unwanted hair and acne. This further reduces insulin resistance and reduces the risk of diabetes. In vitro fertilization is used for those who have not worked with other methods.
Special acne treatments and unwanted hair removal procedures can be used. Medicines to control hormone levels - Metformin or Levothyroxine or carbimazole and propylthiouracil. Acne and excess hair problems can be treated with medication or laser or waxing. For Ovarian Ovulation Fertility - Medicines like Clomiphene or Clomid are used. Those who are at risk of cervical cancer should take medications as prescribed by the doctor.
How to change your lifestyle
Make it a habit to walk regularly for 30 minutes to 1 hour.
Follow a balanced diet. Reduce sugary or carbohydrate foods and eat protein and fiber foods.
Add plenty of fruits and fresh vegetables to your diet.
Drink 8 to 10 glasses of water throughout the day.
Avoid junk food, fast food, high calorie food like ice cream, cake, dessert, chocolate.
Take dinner in the evening, which should be eaten at least four hours before bedtime.
Can't wake up at night. Discipline should be followed in living.
lose weight Lose belly fat.
PCOS and pregnancy
Women suffering from PCOS suffer from infertility due to problems in the release of eggs from the ovaries or ovulation every month. Many women with PCOS believe they will never have children. But if the weight can be reduced to near the ideal weight and menstruation can be regularized through treatment, ovulation is possible again. As a result, the chances of giving birth also increase. Apart from this, there are various treatments to mature or enlarge the eggs, which should be taken with the help of a specialist doctor. But the first thing that needs to happen is lifestyle changes and weight loss.
Complications of PCOS vary
PCOS is a metabolic problem. PCOS These women have insulin resistance or dysfunction. As a result, if not treated in the long term, complications such as type-2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, fatty liver disease, endometrial cancer or uterine cancer, anxiety etc. may occur. PCOS is one of the main causes of infertility.
PCOS signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of this disease vary from person to person. Some may have one or two symptoms while others may have many. Even in a girl, different symptoms may increase or decrease at different times. Common signs and symptoms of PCOS are as follows:
Menstrual disorders: The most common symptoms of PCOS are oligomenorrhea (fewer than nine menstrual cycles in a year) or amenorrhea (absence of menstruation for three or more consecutive months), but some other menstrual disorders can also occur.
High levels of male hormones: This is called hyperandrogenism. Due to high levels of male hormones in the female body, there are several symptoms such as:
Acne – Acne problems may appear or worsen or reoccur.
Hirsutism - male-like body hair, such as hair growth on the cheeks and chest. However, Asians with PCOS are less likely to develop hirsutism than other ethnicities.
Hypermenorrhea - excessive and prolonged bleeding,
Androgenic alopecia - thinning or sporadic hair loss
Apart from the above symptoms, some other symptoms may also appear. Hyperandrogenemia is found in three quarters of women with presumptive PCOS (by the NIH/NICHD 1990 diagnostic criteria).
Metabolic symptoms: Some symptoms such as central obesity or a tendency to accumulate fat in the middle of the body and develop insulin resistance have been observed in people with PCOS. Serum insulin, insulin resistance, and homocysteine levels are higher in women with PCOS.
Acanthosis nigricans - dark spots on the back of the neck, under the arms, darkening and thickening of the skin of the armpits.
Voice – hoarseness or hoarseness (less common)
Multiple ovarian cysts, large ovaries and lower abdominal pain
Failure to Conceive: This results directly from prolonged anovulation.
If PCOS is not treated properly and the patient continues to be obese, long-term complications can occur. Other symptoms associated with PCOS that may be more severe include:
Type-2 polyuria – diabetes or insulin resistance, gestational diabetes
obesity
Obstructive sleep apnea
Cardiovascular metabolic syndrome - obesity, hypertension and diabetes
Mood changes – such as depression, anxiety or loss of appetite
Cervical cancer.
Miscarriage is possible.
Pre-eclampsia
high blood pressure
What causes PCOS?
It is hereditary and hormonal problem. This problem occurs when the male hormone androgen in a woman's body increases more than normal. Due to the increase in this hormone, women have problems with ovulation or ovulation every month. Once ovulation stops.
Causes of PCOS
Obesity, not getting enough exercise, and a previous family history are thought to be associated. PCOS is a heterogeneous disorder of unknown cause. Some evidence suggests that it is a genetic disease. This evidence has been gathered from a higher incidence in family history, a higher incidence in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins, and the heritability of PCOS in endocrine and metabolic symptoms. Some evidence suggests that exposure to higher-than-normal levels of androgens in utero increases the risk of PCOS later in life.
Genetic factors in females appear to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with high genetic penetrance but variable expressivity; This means that each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the genetic mutation from either parent, and if a girl gets the mutation, the girl will also get some degree of the disorder. Genetic mutations are inherited from either father or mother, and run in both boys and girls (boys may be asymptomatic carriers or have few symptoms, such as early baldness or excess hair) and girls, will show symptoms of PCOS. In females with the allele, high levels of androgens are secreted from the theca cells of the ovarian follicles, at least in part to increase the phenotype (the external manifestation of the characteristics of an organism called the phenotype) itself. Exactly which genes are affected has yet to be identified. In some rare cases, a single gene mutation can cause the syndrome phenotype. Given the causative capacity of the symptoms, it is a complex multi-genetic disorder.
PCOS diagnosis
Currently there is no single test to diagnose PCOS. A number of factors must be examined to make a decision, including clinical data, the patient's other medical or family history, and physical examination and lab tests. Some tests are done to find out if PCOS is actually present or if the problem is from another source, for example a tumor on the ovary or adrenal gland that can cause excessive androgen hormone secretion. Adrenal g againIf the glans are abnormally large, there may still be excessive androgen hormone secretion, which is not actually PCOS.
The disease is usually diagnosed when at least two of the following three are present: anovulation, high androgen levels, and ovarian cysts. Cysts can be diagnosed by ultrasound. Similar symptoms include adrenal hyperplasia, hypothyroidism, and high levels of prolactin in the blood.
PCOS Lab Test
Testosterone Testosterone – This test is done at the beginning to see if there is excess production of androgen hormone in people with PCOS which is higher than standard/normal.
SHBG Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) – is low in PCOS
AMH Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) – indicates the rate of ovulation. It is more common in people with PCOS.
FSH Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) – low or normal levels in PCOS patients.
LH Luteinizing hormone (LH) – is high
Estrogens Estrogens – normal or excessive
DHEAS DHEAS – is high
Androstenedione – Can be overdosed
Some tests are done to determine whether PCOS is actually caused by other conditions with similar signs and symptoms such as adrenal hyperplasia, hypothyroidism, and high blood prolactin levels, such as:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – to detect thyroid-related problems
Cortisol Cortisol – adrenocorticotropic hormone is over-secreted to diagnose Cushing syndrome
Prolactin Prolactin – to know if hyperprolactinemia
17-Hydroxyprogesterone 17-hydroxyprogesterone – for diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperlepsia
HCG Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) – Whether showing similar symptoms to pregnancy
IGF-1 IGF-1 – to diagnose acromegaly due to excess growth hormone
If PCOS is diagnosed, some other tests are done to see if other problems caused by PCOS are making the patient worse or causing other complications:
Blood lipid panel test (Lipid panel) – to understand if there are any signs of heart disease or if complications are developing; Low HDL, high LDL, high total cholesterol or triglycerides are at risk.
Glucose Test Glucose or A1c – to diagnose diabetes.
Other tests of PCOS
Abdominal ultrasound - to check the shape of the ovaries, whether there are cysts, whether the ovaries are enlarged or if there are any tumors. Ovaries in PCOS patients appear to be 1.5 to 3 times larger than normal. 20 or more watery cysts are seen in the ovary. Cysts look like necklaces on the ovaries. It occurs in 90% of PCOS patients but now the interesting fact is that about 25% of women with no PCOS symptoms also have it. Laparoscopy Laparoscopy - usually used for cyst surgery if the cyst cannot be cured by medication.
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